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do neurons regenerate ??


[Ki...]

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23292211/

 

Abstract

 

Regeneration of the nervous system requires either the repair or replacement of nerve cells that have been damaged by injury or disease. While lower organisms possess extensive capacity for neural regeneration, evolutionarily higher organisms including humans are limited in their ability to regenerate nerve cells, posing significant issues for the treatment of injury and disease of the nervous system. This chapter focuses on current approaches for neural regeneration, with a discussion of traditional methods to enhance neural regeneration as well as emerging concepts within the field such as stem cells and cellular reprogramming. Stem cells are defined by their ability to self-renew as well as their ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, and hence can serve as a source for cell replacement of damaged neurons. Traditionally, adult stem cells isolated from the hippocampus and subventricular zone have served as a source of neural stem cells for replacement purposes. With the advancement of pluripotent stem cells, including human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), new and exciting approaches for neural cell replacement are being developed. Furthermore, with increased understanding of the human genome and epigenetics, scientists have been successful in the direct genetic reprogramming of somatic cells to a neuronal fate, bypassing the intermediary pluripotent stage. Such breakthroughs have accelerated the timing of production of mature neuronal cell types from a patient-specific somatic cell source such as skin fibroblasts or mononuclear blood cells. While extensive hurdles remain to the translational application of such stem cell and reprogramming strategies, these approaches have revolutionized the field of regenerative biology and have provided innovative approaches for the potential regeneration of the nervous system.

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4543605/

 

Excerpt:

 

For decades, the true plasticity of the mammalian CNS was underestimated and the adult brain was long considered to be a post-mitotic organ incapable of self-regeneration. However, pioneering work in the 1960s by Joseph Altman and colleagues challenged this long-standing dogma (Altman and Das, 1965). In this groundbreaking publication, Altman provided the first evidence that new neurons were generated in the adult rat hippocampus. Subsequent experiments demonstrated that adult neurogenesis was not specific to the hippocampus, with the adult olfactory bulb identified as another brain region where new neurons are added to existing circuitry throughout life (Altman, 1969). In spite of this work, the concept of post-developmental neurogenesis in the mammalian brain was subject to contemporary scepticism; currently, however, the phenomenon of adult neurogenesis is widely studied and research in the intervening years has confirmed adult neurogenesis in the murine hippocampus

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https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-adult-brain-does-grow-new-neurons-after-all-study-says/

 

"..In mice and rats, researchers can stimulate the growth of new neurons by getting the rodents to exercise more or by providing them with environments that are more cognitively or socially stimulating, Llorens-Martin says. “This could not be applied to advanced stages of Alzheimer’s disease. But if we could act at earlier stages where mobility is not yet compromised,” she says, “who knows, maybe we could slow down or prevent some of the loss of plasticity [in the brain].”

 

One can hope, who knows?

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Yes. There are stem cells in the hippocampus that produce new cells. These then migrate on progenitor cells to other brain regions. I'm not sure if all regions get new neurons but a lot of them do..

 

Also, neurons can grow and recede new spines and form new synapses. "synaptic plasticity"

 

 

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This article is from July 2020:

 

"The adult brain produces new neurons to restore balance after vestibular loss"

 

Abstract

 

Following partial or total loss of peripheral vestibular inputs, a phenomenon called central vestibular compensation takes place in the hours and days following the injury. This neuroplasticity process involves a mosaic of profound rearrangements within the brain stem vestibular nuclei. Among them, the setting of a new neuronal network is maybe the most original and unexpected, as it involves an adult reactive neurogenesis in a brain area not reported as neurogenic so far. Both the survival and functionality of this newly generated neuronal network will depend on its integration to pre-existing networks in the deafferented structure. Far from being aberrant, this new structural organization allows the use of inputs from other sensory modalities (vision and proprioception) to promote the restoration of the posture and equilibrium. We choose here to detail this model, which does not belong to the traditional niches of adult neurogenesis, but it is the best example so far of the reparative role of the adult neurogenesis. Not only it represents an original neuroplasticity mechanism, interesting for basic neuroscience, but it also opens new medical perspectives for the development of therapeutic approaches to alleviate vestibular disorders.

 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32614308/ 

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  Never quite sure if we need to grown new neurones, synapsesof if synapses can sprout new receptors without having to be replaced themselves.

 

If it requires good stem cells I am in trouble as my stem cells don’t work too well in some ways.

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