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Study, 2012: "What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal...."


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The full title of this Nordic Cochrane Collaboration article (Denmark) is "What is the difference between dependence and withdrawal reactions? A comparison of benzodiazepines and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors".

 

"Conclusions  Withdrawal reactions to selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors appear to be similar to those for benzodiazepines; referring to these reactions as part of a dependence syndrome in the case of benzodiazepines, but not selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors, does not seem rational."

 

The full article -- which I was able to access with someone's help --  lists ALL of the withdrawal symptoms for the benzodiazepines and SSRIs. It's quite stunning to see the similar lists side by side. They are divided into groups, including General, Gastrointestinal, Sleep, Balance, Sensory, Movement, Affective, and Psychosis.

 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03686.x/abstract

 

 

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Here's the list of benzodiazepine withdrawal symptoms from the study above:

 

General

 

Influenza-like symptoms

Diaphoresis, sweating, flushing

Headache

Fits, convulsions, seizure

Muscle aches, muscular pains

Fatigue, lack of energy, lethargy

Stiffness

Palpitations

Skin rash, itching

 

Gastrointestinal

 

Abdominal pain, abdominal cramps

Nausea, vomiting, dry retchings

Loss of appetite, weight loss, anorexia

Diarrhoea, constipation

 

Sleep

 

Sleep disturbance

Nightmares

 

Balance

 

Ataxia

Dizziness

Lightheadedness

Vertigo

 

Sensory

 

Blurrred vision, difficulty in focusing

Sore eyes

Feeling of electric shocks, pins and needles

Numbness

Parasthesia, muscle twitches, tingling, altered

sensation, fasciculation

Increased acuity to sound, smell, touch, pain, tinnitus,

hyperosmia, photophobia, hyperaccusis

Altered taste, metallic taste in mouth,

 

Movement

 

Jerks, myoclonic jerks, jumpiness

Tremor, tremulousness, shakiness

Incoordination, impaired perception of movement

 

Affective

 

Agitation

Aggression

Irritability, restlessness

Mental tension

Anxiety, panic attacks, agoraphobia, dysphoria

Depressed mood, depression

Nervousness

Depersonalization

Derealization, perceptual disturbance, paranoid

reaction, delirium

Confusion

Poor concentration

Poor memory

 

Psychosis

 

Hallucination

Delirium

Psychosis

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